1.   The chain on the hook is never counted as part of a foundation row.  For example, if 
 directions say Chain 18, you should have 18 in addition to one on the hook. 

2. Always insert hook into a chain or stitch from front to back. * 

3. Always insert hook under the two top loops of  a chain or stitch. * 

4. There should be just one loop left on the hook at completion of a stitch or sequence. 

 * Unless directions say otherwise. 

At the beginning of each row (including the first one), a certain number of chains are needed to bring work up to the level of the stitch that is to be formed.  The exact number of chains depends 
on the height of the stitch (see below), and in the case of tall stitches - double, triple, and so on - 
this chain usually replaces the first stitch of each row.  When instructions place the turning chain at the end of a row, you should turn work right to left to avoid twisting the chain, then insert hook in the stitch that is specified. 

Single crochet  .....................  chain 1 to turn, insert hook in 1st stitch. 

Half double crochet  ............  chain 2 to turn, insert hook in 1st stitch. 

Double crochet  ....................  chain 3 to turn, insert hook in 1st stitch. 

Triple crochet  .......................  chain 4 to turn, insert hook in 1st stitch. 

Double triple crochet  ..........  chain 5 to turn, insert hook in 1st stitch. 

Triple triple crochet  .............  chain 6 to turn, insert hook in 1st stitch.